棉区有机肥替代化肥对棉花产量及其构成因子的影响

【目的】研究棉花合理的化肥减施量和有机肥替代量,筛选化肥减施与有机肥替代最佳模式,为新疆南部棉区棉花化肥减施增效技术提供理论依据。【方法】采用田间试验,以不施肥和无机复混肥为对照,分析化肥有机替代比例(20%、40%、100%)对棉花产量构成的影响。【结果】施肥可改善棉花产量构成,提高棉花产量。与无机肥处理(CF)比较,化肥减量20%下施用400 kg有机肥、化肥减量40%下施用800方有机肥处理,通过提高棉花单铃重和衣分,改善棉花产量构成,显著提高棉花产量。处理3、处理4处理棉花产量分别为423.50和403.76 kg/667m ²,比空白处理(CK)增产27.70%、21.75%,比CF处理增产5.81%、0.88%。【结论】新疆南部棉区棉花种植以化肥减量20%、化肥减量40%,即每667 m²基施有机肥400 kg,无机复混肥65.39 kg,追施尿素22.35 kg(每667 m²基肥施用有机肥800 kg,无机复混肥49.04 kg,追肥尿素16.76 kg)较为适宜。处理3、处理4模式(20%、40%的化肥减量)可以推广应用。     

甘南亚高山典型森林生境地表步甲的群落结构及多样性分析

【目的】研究甘南亚高山5种不同典型森林生境下地表步甲的群落结构、分布特征及多样性,探究地表步甲对森林生境的选择倾向,为甘南亚高山区生态环境监测及地表步甲生物多样性保护提供科学依据。【方法】2018-2019年采用巴氏罐法在人工云杉林(RPA)、人工油松林(RPT)、次生阔叶林(CPB)、次生针叶林(CPT)和原始云杉林(YPA)中采集地表步甲,室内对其进行分类鉴定,并对其类群优势度、多样性及相似性进行分析。【结果】在甘南亚高山5种不同典型森林生境下共采集地表步甲2 418头,经鉴定隶属16属33个种,其中分属于青步甲属、通缘步甲属、斯步甲属、蜗步甲属和步甲属的步甲数量分别占捕获总数的23.16%,16.33%,13.19%,12.00%和10.42%,共同构成了该地区的优势类群。地表步甲个体数在RPA中最多,在YPA中最少,且RPA生境中地表步甲个体数显著高于其他类型森林生境;在属级和种级水平上,地表步甲类群数均以YPA中最多,RPT中最少。Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H′)和Peilou均匀度指数(J)在各生境类型中的大小顺序为:YPACPBRPACPTRPT;Margalef丰富度指数(D)在各生境类型中的排序为:YPACPBCPTRPARPT;Simpson优势度指数(H)以RPT最高,CPT次之,YPA最低。相似性分析结果表明,CPT与RPA间地表步甲群落结构相似性最高,为极相似;YPA与RPT中地表步甲群落结构相似性最低,为极不相似。【结论】地表步甲群落组成及多样性受生境类型的影响,人工林和次生林地表步甲群落结构组成及多样性尚未恢复到天然林的水平。因此在提倡森林恢复的同时,保护天然林免受破坏是保护地表步甲群落的重要措施。     

魏晋南北朝时期的果品及其功用

先秦时期的典籍中就已经出现了大量有关果品的记载。果品不仅具备食用价值,还承载着丰富的文化内涵。随着农业科学技术的持续提升,魏晋南北朝时期果品种植的面积持续扩大,种植技术不断成熟,种植品类日益繁多,产品初加工和深加工能力增强。果品在饥馑灾荒年代可以充当主食饱腹,可以调节味道增添层次,果树既具备观赏价值,又可以作为经济作物提供经济效益。此外,果品还可以在社会生活中发挥作用,促进社会交往与文化交流。果品可用以彰显社会地位,可用以交际交流,可用以表达观点抒发情感,可用以下酒醒酒以避世。果品丰富的生活和社会功用使它在魏晋南北朝时期得到更广泛的开发和利用,并持续发展至今。     

Comparing the value of Southern Oscillation Index-based climate forecast methods for Canadian and US wheat producers

Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) based forecasting methods are compared to determine which method is more valuable to Canadian and US wheat producers. Using decision theory approach to valuing information, the more commonly used three-phase method of El Niño, La Niña, and other is compared to a five-phase system. Because of differences in growing season and yearly SOI classification schemes, two different three-phase methods are used. The five-phase system is based on the level and rate of change of the SOI over a 2 month period. Phases are consistently negative, consistently positive, rapidly falling, rapidly rising, and near zero. As expected, results vary by the method used. Winter wheat producers in Illinois place no value on either of the SOI-based forecasting systems. Producers at seven of the 13 sites prefer the five-phase method over either of the three-phase method (spring wheat producers in Manitoba, Alberta, North Dakota and South Dakota, along with winter wheat producers in Oklahoma, Texas, and Washington). The value of the five-phase approach is up to 70 times more valuable than the three-phase approach. Producers growing spring wheat in Saskatchewan and Montana, along with winter wheat producers in Ohio and Kansas value the three-phase approach more than the five-phase. In this case, the value of the three-phase system is up to two times more valuable than the five-phase system. Depending on expected price and region, the values of the SOI-based forecasts range from 0 to 22% of the value of perfect forecasts. In both absolute and percentage of perfect forecasts, producers in Oklahoma, Texas, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and South Dakota value either system more than producers in the remaining regions. Economic value and distributional aspects of the value of climate forecasts have implications for producers, policy makers, and meteorologists. Finally, the results clearly suggest all producers will not prefer one forecast type. Forecasts need to be tailored to specific regions.     

新疆加工番茄上南方番茄病毒外壳蛋白基因的克隆与原核表达

【目的】克隆南方番茄病毒(STV)的外壳蛋白(CP)基因,构建其原核表达载体并进行诱导表达,为制备检测该病毒的高效价血清提供参考。【方法】利用一步法RT-PCR从新疆加工番茄上克隆STVCP基因,将其连接到原核表达载体pET-28a(+)上,获得重组质粒pET-28a-STV CP。将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌BL21后用IPTG进行诱导表达。【结果】成功克隆了STVCP基因,其长度为1 134bp。构建了原核重组表达质粒pET-28a-STV CP,其在1mmol/L IPTG诱导下,成功表达出分子质量约47ku的蛋白。【结论】成功克隆了STV CP基因,并诱导了pET-28a-STV CP重组蛋白的原核表达。     

From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru

The Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.     

Effects of temperature and lipid droplet adherence on mortality of hatchery-reared southern hake Merluccius australis larvae

Effects of exogenous (water temperature) and endogenous (lipid droplet adherence) factors were experimentally tested on early survival of southern hake Merluccius australis reared under controlled conditions. Experiments to determine the effect of temperature (10, 12 and 14 °C) on larval growth rates and yolk-sac absorption rates of unfed southern hake were carried out under laboratory conditions. There was no significant differences in growth rates at the temperature range tested (ANCOVA, F = 0.164, p > 0.25), but yolk-sac absorption rates and mortality increased with temperature (ANCOVA, F = 53.84, p < 0.001). A high percentage (between 31 and 81%) of hake eggs showed a lipid droplet not adhered (i.e., freely moving in the yolk, and not located in the posteriormost portion of the yolk-sac). In a second experiment, fed southern hake larvae with the lipid droplet not adhered during embryonic development did not survive after yolk-sac absorption. This study provides the first data on the influence of the lipid droplet absorption on larval survival of cultured hake, and can be used as an early indication of the quality of the batch.     

《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》对我国南大洋渔业的影响

本文关注《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》的背景,着重介绍了《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》涉及的水域、管理的鱼种和公约成员国概况,阐述了《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》对我国南大洋渔业的影响,涉及对我国远洋渔业生产的影响,对我国在南大洋作业水域渔船的法规性限制,对我国在南大洋区域与相关各国渔业合作的推动。文章对我国南大洋的渔业进行了分析,提出了相应的分析与建议,即:开展南大洋水域海洋渔业资源调查和评估,积极参与南大洋水域的渔业管理事务,加强对南大洋作业渔船的监控和管理,促进国际渔业信息交流。